《金枝》
《金枝》(上下卷)
作者:詹姆斯·喬治·弗雷澤
出版社:上海譯文出版社
出版時(shí)間:2020年10月
ISBN:9787532784264
定價(jià):238.00元
內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
《金枝》系弗雷澤的代表作之一。該書(shū)基于世界各地相關(guān)材料分析,揭示了人類思想活動(dòng)經(jīng)由“巫術(shù)—宗教—科學(xué)”的更迭模式及其邏輯規(guī)律,提出了“巫術(shù)先于宗教”的著名論斷,并運(yùn)用歷史比較法,系統(tǒng)梳理,抽繹出了巫術(shù)與宗教的嚴(yán)整體系,重新建構(gòu)了“原始社會(huì)”的圖景。文筆清麗,義理明暢,讀之不忍釋卷。
該書(shū)影響巨大,不囿于人類學(xué),對(duì)西方文學(xué)頗具推動(dòng)力,催生了現(xiàn)代主義的原始情緒,對(duì)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代的人類學(xué)研究具有不可替代的作用和意義。
作者簡(jiǎn)介
詹姆斯·喬治·弗雷澤,英國(guó)著名的人類學(xué)家、宗教歷史學(xué)、民俗學(xué)家,一生極為勤奮,著有:《圖騰信仰》《圖騰信仰與異族通婚》《金枝》《永生的信仰和對(duì)死者的崇拜》《原始宗教中的死亡恐懼》等。當(dāng)時(shí)人們是這樣評(píng)價(jià)他的:“將來(lái)后代評(píng)價(jià)我們這一代人的工作時(shí),只要開(kāi)出詹姆斯?弗雷澤的著作目錄來(lái),就足以駁回關(guān)于我們無(wú)能的指責(zé)?!?/p>
目 錄
導(dǎo) 讀
— 001 —
PREFACE
— 001 —
CHAPTER I THE KING OF THE WOOD
— 003 —
§1. Diana and Virbius.
— 003 —
§2. Artemis and Hippolytus.
— 014 —
§3. Recapitulation.
— 016 —
CHAPTER II PRIESTLY KINGS
— 019 —
CHAPTER III SYMPATHETIC MAGIC
— 023 —
§1. The Principles of Magic.
— 023 —
§2. Homoeopathic or Imitative Magic.
— 026 —
§3. Contagious Magic.
— 067 —
§4. The Magician’s Progress.
— 080 —
CHAPTER IV MAGIC AND RELIGION
— 086 —
CHAPTER V THE MAGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEATHER
— 105 —
§1. The Public Magician.
— 105 —
§2. The Magical Control of Rain.
— 108 —
§3. The Magical Control of the Sun.
— 133 —
§4. The Magical Control of the Wind.
— 137 —
CHAPTER VI MAGICIANS AS KINGS
— 143 —
CHAPTER VII INCARNATE HUMAN GODS
— 156 —
CHAPTER VIII DEPARTMENTAL KINGS OF NATURE
— 182 —
CHAPTER IX THE WORSHIP OF TREES
— 187 —
§1. Tree-spirits.
— 187 —
§2. Beneficent Powers of Tree-spirits.
— 200 —
CHAPTER X RELICS OF TREE-WORSHIP IN MODERN EUROPE
— 206 —
CHAPTER XI THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEXES ON VEGETATION
— 231 —
CHAPTER XII THE SACRED MARRIAGE
— 238 —
§1. Diana as a Goddess of Fertility.
— 238 —
§2. The Marriage of the Gods.
— 242 —
CHAPTER XIII THE KINGS OF ROME AND ALBA
— 250 —
§1. Numa and Egeria.
— 250 —
§2. The King as Jupiter.
— 252 —
CHAPTER XIV THE SUCCESSION TO THE KINGDOM IN ANCIENT LATIUM
— 260 —
CHAPTER XV THE WORSHIP OF THE OAK
— 272 —
CHAPTER XVI DIANUS AND DIANA
— 277 —
CHAPTER XVII THE BURDEN OF ROYALTY
— 287 —
§1. Royal and Priestly Taboos.
— 287 —
§2. Divorce of the Spiritual from the Temporal Power.
— 299 —
CHAPTER XVIII THE PERILS OF THE SOUL
— 304 —
§1. The Soul as a Mannikin.
— 304 —
§2. Absence and Recall of the Soul.
— 306 —
§3. The Soul as a Shadow and a Reflection.
— 322 —
CHAPTER XIX TABOOED ACTS
— 330 —
§1. Taboos on Intercourse with Strangers.
— 330 —
§2. Taboos on Eating and Drinking.
— 337 —
§3. Taboos on showing the Face.
— 339 —
§4. Taboos on quitting the House.
— 340 —
§5. Taboos on leaving Food over.
— 341 —
CHAPTER XX TABOOED PERSONS
— 344 —
§1. Chiefs and Kings tabooed.
— 344 —
§2. Mourners tabooed.
— 349 —
§3. Women tabooed at Menstruation and Childbirth.
— 353 —
§4. Warriors tabooed.
— 356 —
§5. Manslayers tabooed.
— 360 —
§6. Hunters and Fishers tabooed.
— 368 —
CHAPTER XXI TABOOED THINGS
— 379 —
§1. The Meaning of Taboo.
— 379 —
§2. Iron tabooed.
— 380 —
§3. Sharp Weapons tabooed.
— 385 —
§4. Blood tabooed.
— 386 —
§5. The Head tabooed.
— 390 —
§6. Hair tabooed.
— 392 —
§7. Ceremonies at Hair-cutting.
— 395 —
§8. Disposal of Cut Hair and Nails.
— 396 —
§9. Spittle tabooed.
— 401 —
§10. Foods tabooed.
— 403 —
§11. Knots and Rings tabooed.
— 404 —
CHAPTER XXII TABOOED WORDS
— 414 —
§1. Personal Names tabooed.
— 414 —
§2. Names of Relations tabooed.
— 421 —
§3. Names of the Dead tabooed.
— 425 —
§4. Names of Kings and other Sacred Persons tabooed.
— 434 —
§5. Names of Gods tabooed.
— 439 —
CHAPTER XXIII OUR DEBT TO THE SAVAGE
— 444 —
CHAPTER XXIV THE KILLING OF THE DIVINE KING
— 448 —
§1. The Mortality of the Gods.
— 448 —
§2. Kings killed when their Strength fails.
— 449 —
§3. Kings killed at the End of a Fixed Term.
— 463 —
CHAPTER XXV TEMPORARY KINGS
— 479 —
CHAPTER XXVI SACRIFICE OF THE KING’S SON
— 489 —
CHAPTER XXVII SUCCESSION TO THE SOUL
— 496 —
CHAPTER XXVIII THE KILLING OF THE TREE-SPIRIT
— 501 —
§1. The Whitsuntide Mummers.
— 501 —
§2. Burying the Carnival.
— 509 —
§3. Carrying out Death.
— 519 —
§4. Bringing in Summer.
— 525 —
§5. Battle of Summer and Winter.
— 533 —
§6. Death and Resurrection of Kostrubonko.
— 535 —
§7. Death and Revival of Vegetation.
— 538 —
§8. Analogous Rites in India.
— 539 —
§9. The Magic Spring.
— 541 —
CHAPTER XXIX THE MYTH OF ADONIS
— 546 —
CHAPTER XXX ADONIS IN SYRIA
— 553 —
CHAPTER XXXI ADONIS IN CYPRUS
— 557 —
CHAPTER XXXII THE RITUAL OF ADONIS
— 567 —
CHAPTER XXXIII THE GARDENS OF ADONIS
— 577 —
CHAPTER XXXIV THE MYTH AND RITUAL OF ATTIS
— 587 —
CHAPTER XXXV ATTIS AS A GOD OF VEGETATION
— 596 —
CHAPTER XXXVI HUMAN REPRESENTATIVES OF ATTIS
— 599 —
CHAPTER XXXVII ORIENTAL RELIGIONS IN THE WEST
— 604 —
CHAPTER XXXVIII THE MYTH OF OSIRIS
— 614 —
CHAPTER XXXIX THE RITUAL OF OSIRIS
— 624 —
§1. The Popular Rites.
— 624 —
§2. The Official Rites.
— 631 —
CHAPTER XL THE NATURE OF OSIRIS
— 639 —
§1. Osiris a Corn-god.
— 639 —
§2. Osiris a Tree-spirit.
— 643 —
§3. Osiris a God of Fertility.
— 644 —
§4. Osiris a God of the Dead.
— 645 —
CHAPTER XLI ISIS
— 647 —
CHAPTER XLII OSIRIS AND THE SUN
— 651 —
CHAPTER XLIII DIONYSUS
— 654 —
CHAPTER XLIV DEMETER AND PERSEPHONE
— 669 —
CHAPTER XLV THE CORN-MOTHER AND THE CORN-MAIDEN IN NORTHERN EUROPE
— 680 —
CHAPTER XLVI THE CORN-MOTHER IN MANY LANDS
— 702 —
§1. The Corn-mother in America.
— 702 —
§2. The Rice-mother in the East Indies.
— 704 —
§3. The Spirit of the Corn embodied in Human Beings.
— 713 —
§4. The Double Personification of the Corn as Mother and Daughter.
— 715 —
CHAPTER XLVII LITYERSES
— 722 —
§1. Songs of the Corn-reapers.
— 722 —
§2. Killing the Corn-spirit.
— 724 —
§3. Human Sacrifices for the Crops.
— 734 —
§4. The Corn-spirit slain in his Human Representatives.
— 745 —
CHAPTER XLVIII THE CORN-SPIRIT AS AN ANIMAL
— 760 —
§1. Animal Embodiments of the Corn-spirit.
— 760 —
§2. The Corn-spirit as a Wolf or a Dog.
— 761 —
§3. The Corn-spirit as a Cock.
— 765 —
§4. The Corn-spirit as a Hare.
— 768 —
§5. The Corn-spirit as a Cat.
— 769 —
§6. The Corn-spirit as a Goat.
— 770 —
§7. The Corn-spirit as a Bull, Cow, or Ox.
— 775 —
§8. The Corn-spirit as a Horse or Mare.
— 779 —
§9. The Corn-spirit as a Pig (Boar or Sow).
— 781 —
§10. On the Animal Embodiments of the Corn-spirit.
— 785 —
CHAPTER XLIX ANCIENT DEITIES OF VEGETATION AS ANIMALS
— 788 —
§1. Dionysus, the Goat and the Bull.
— 788 —
§2. Demeter, the Pig and the Horse.
— 795 —
§3. Attis, Adonis, and the Pig.
— 799 —
§4. Osiris, the Pig and the Bull.
— 801 —
§5. Virbius and the Horse.
— 808 —
CHAPTER L EATING THE GOD
— 813 —
§1. The Sacrament of First-Fruits.
— 813 —
§2. Eating the God among the Aztecs.
— 827 —
§3. Many Manii at Aricia.
— 831 —
CHAPTER LI HOMOEOPATHIC MAGIC OF A FLESH DIET
— 836 —
CHAPTER LII KILLING THE DIVINE ANIMAL
— 844 —
§1. Killing the Sacred Buzzard.
— 844 —
§2. Killing the Sacred Ram.
— 846 —
§3. Killing the Sacred Serpent.
— 848 —
§4. Killing the Sacred Turtles.
— 848 —
§5. Killing the Sacred Bear.
— 852 —
CHAPTER LIII THE PROPITIATION OF WILD ANIMALS BY HUNTERS
— 874 —
CHAPTER LIV TYPES OF ANIMAL SACRAMENT
— 896 —
§1. The Egyptian and the Aino Types of Sacrament.
— 896 —
§2. Processions with Sacred Animals.
— 901 —
CHAPTER LV THE TRANSFERENCE OF EVIL
— 908 —
§1. The Transference to Inanimate Objects.
— 908 —
§2. The Transference to Animals.
— 910 —
§3. The Transference to Men.
— 913 —
§4. The Transference of Evil in Europe.
— 915 —
CHAPTER LVI THE PUBLIC EXPULSION OF EVILS
— 921 —
§1. The Omnipresence of Demons.
— 921 —
§2. The Occasional Expulsion of Evils.
— 922 —
§3. The Periodic Expulsion of Evils.
— 928 —
CHAPTER LVII PUBLIC SCAPEGOATS
— 946 —
§1. The Expulsion of Embodied Evils.
— 946 —
§2. The Occasional Expulsion of Evils in a Material Vehicle.
— 948 —
§3. The Periodic Expulsion of Evils in a Material Vehicle.
— 952 —
§4. On Scapegoats in General.
— 965 —
CHAPTER LVIII HUMAN SCAPEGOATS IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
— 970 —
§1. The Human Scapegoat in Ancient Rome.
— 970 —
§2. The Human Scapegoat in Ancient Greece.
— 971 —
§3. The Roman Saturnalia.
— 979 —
CHAPTER LIX KILLING THE GOD IN MEXICO
— 986 —
CHAPTER LX BETWEEN HEAVEN AND EARTH
— 995 —
§1. Not to touch the Earth.
— 995 —
§2. Not to see the Sun.
— 999 —
§3. The Seclusion of Girls at Puberty.
— 1000 —
§4. Reasons for the Seclusion of Girls at Puberty.
— 1012 —
CHAPTER LXI THE MYTH OF BALDER
— 1019 —
CHAPTER LXII THE FIRE-FESTIVALS OF EUROPE
— 1022 —
§1. The Fire-festivals in general.
— 1022 —
§2. The Lenten Fires.
— 1023 —
§3. The Easter Fires.
— 1031 —
§4. The Beltane Fires.
— 1035 —
§5. The Midsummer Fires.
— 1042 —
§6. The Hallowe’en Fires.
— 1059 —
§7. The Midwinter Fires.
— 1065 —
§8. The Need-fire.
— 1068 —
CHAPTER LXIII THE INTERPRETATION OF THE FIRE- FESTIVALS
— 1074 —
§1. On the Fire-festivals in general.
— 1074 —
§2. The Solar Theory of the Fire-festivals.
— 1076 —
§3. The Purificatory Theory of the Fire-festivals.
— 1083 —
CHAPTER LXIV THE BURNING OF HUMAN BEINGS IN THE FIRES
— 1088 —
§I. The Burning of Effigies in the Fires.
— 1088 —
§2. The Burning of Men and Animals in the Fires.
— 1090 —
CHAPTER LXV BALDER AND THE MISTLETOE
— 1102 —
CHAPTER LXVI THE EXTERNAL SOUL IN FOLK-TALES
— 1117 —
CHAPTER LXVII THE EXTERNAL SOUL IN FOLK-CUSTOM
— 1135 —
§1. The External Soul in Inanimate Things.
— 1135 —
§2. The External Soul in Plants.
— 1139 —
§3. The External Soul in Animals.
— 1141 —
§4. The Ritual of Death and Resurrection.
— 1155 —
CHAPTER LXVIII THE GOLDEN BOUGH
— 1169 —
CHAPTER LXIX FAREWELL TO NEMI
— 1184 —
術(shù)語(yǔ)匯編與簡(jiǎn)釋
— 1191 —
前 言
書(shū)之成為經(jīng)典,乃人類在不同時(shí)代的思想、智慧與學(xué)術(shù)的結(jié)晶,優(yōu)秀文化之積淀,具有不隨時(shí)代變易的永恒價(jià)值。有道是讀書(shū)須讀經(jīng)典,這是智者的共識(shí)。
對(duì)于中外經(jīng)典著作中的思想表述,僅讀外文書(shū)的中譯本或文言著作的白話釋文是不夠的,尤其是當(dāng)誤譯、誤釋發(fā)生的時(shí)候,讀者容易被誤導(dǎo),或望文生義,或以訛傳訛,使原有的文化差異變成更深的文化隔閡。因此,在“世界學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典(英文版)”的選目中,大部分作品為英文原著;原作是其他語(yǔ)種的經(jīng)典,則選用相對(duì)可靠的英文譯本;至于中國(guó)古代經(jīng)典,則采用漢英對(duì)照的方式呈現(xiàn),旨在向西方闡釋中國(guó)的思想和文化。其中,精選的中國(guó)經(jīng)典是整個(gè)系列的重要組成部分。有了這一部分的經(jīng)典,才真正體現(xiàn)出“世界性”。
以原典和英文方式出版,是為了使讀者通過(guò)研讀,準(zhǔn)確理解以英文表達(dá)的思想、理論和方法,力求避免舛誤,進(jìn)而通過(guò)批判和接受,化為智慧力量。這有利于思想的傳播,裨益于新思想的產(chǎn)生,同時(shí)亦可提高英語(yǔ)修養(yǎng)。
經(jīng)典名著的重要性是不言而喻的,但是以下幾點(diǎn)意義值得一再重申。
(一) 學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典提供思想源泉
兩千六百年來(lái)的世界學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典凝聚了人類思想的精華,世世代代的優(yōu)秀思想家以他們獨(dú)特的見(jiàn)識(shí)和智慧,留給后人取之不竭、用之不盡的思想源泉。從老子、孔子、柏拉圖、亞里士多德以降,天才輩出,思想閃光,精彩紛呈。思想界的大師、名家們?cè)谌祟愃枷胧穫鹘y(tǒng)鏈條上的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),都啟發(fā)后人開(kāi)拓新的思想領(lǐng)域,探究生命的本質(zhì),直抵人性的深層。隨著人類思想的不斷成熟和完善,各個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的理論從本體論、認(rèn)識(shí)論、方法論、實(shí)踐論、價(jià)值論等維度不斷深化。后人繼承前人的思想,借經(jīng)典的滋養(yǎng)保持思想活力,豐富和發(fā)展前人的觀點(diǎn),使之形成一波又一波的思想洪流,從而改變?nèi)说乃枷牒褪澜缬^,改變?nèi)祟惿鐣?huì)的進(jìn)程。歷史已經(jīng)證明:人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,思想的力量大于一切。
(二) 學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典傳承精神力量
經(jīng)典名著中蘊(yùn)含的人類精神,傳承的人類守望的共同價(jià)值原則和社會(huì)理想,在每一個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域里都有諸多豐富的表述,它們從整體上構(gòu)成了推動(dòng)人類進(jìn)步的精神力量。研習(xí)和傳承人類兩千六百多年來(lái)的優(yōu)秀思想,并將它化作求新求變的靈感,是人類文明的要義所在。僅有技術(shù)進(jìn)步,還不足以表明人類的文明程度。
若無(wú)優(yōu)秀的思想底蘊(yùn),人類存在的意義將大打折扣。
中國(guó)思想傳統(tǒng)中的基本理念和西方思想傳統(tǒng)中的基本理念分別形成了東西方兩大具有普遍價(jià)值的道德觀念和價(jià)值系統(tǒng)。值得注意的是:(1) 這兩大道德系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)互補(bǔ)、互鑒的整體,兩者都不可偏廢,因?yàn)槿祟惖乃枷胧莻€(gè)多元整體。任何一個(gè)民族,缺少其中之一,在精神上都可能是不完整的;(2) 這些基本理念都不是抽象概念,它們都具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐意義,并且必須由實(shí)踐來(lái)考察,否則就很難體現(xiàn)其價(jià)值。
精神傳承必然是一種自覺(jué)的過(guò)程,它靠習(xí)得,不靠遺傳,因此我們需要研讀經(jīng)典。
(三) 學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典構(gòu)成文化積淀
“文化”包含三大部分:(1) 思想與精神現(xiàn)象;(2) 制度與習(xí)俗;(3) 有形的事物。學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典是對(duì)思想與精神現(xiàn)象的歸納和提煉,對(duì)制度與習(xí)俗的探究和設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)有形事物的形而上思考和描述。
每一個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)典著作中都會(huì)提出一些根本性的問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題直面人的困惑,思考人類社會(huì)的疑難,在新思想和新知識(shí)中展現(xiàn)人類的智慧。當(dāng)這些思想成果積淀下來(lái),就構(gòu)成人類文化的主要組成部分。文化不只是制度或器物的外在形式,更重要的是凝結(jié)在其背后的精神與思想。
每一個(gè)學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)本身都要面對(duì)一些形而上的(超越性的、純理論性的)文化問(wèn)題。在很多人看來(lái),理性的思考和理論的表述都是很枯燥的,但是熱愛(ài)真理并且對(duì)思想情有獨(dú)鐘的人會(huì)從學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典的理論中發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)限生動(dòng)的天地,從而產(chǎn)生獲得真理的快樂(lè),這才是我們追求的真正文化。
大量閱讀經(jīng)典名著是一種學(xué)習(xí)、積累文化的根本方法,深度閱讀和深刻記憶能使文化積淀在人的身上,并且代代相傳。假如這一過(guò)程中斷了,人世間只剩下花天酒地、歌舞升平,文化也就湮滅了。
(四) 學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典推動(dòng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),凡屬學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典,都必須含有新的學(xué)術(shù)成果——新思想、新理論、新方法,或者新探索。這樣的原創(chuàng)性學(xué)術(shù)成果越多,人類的思想就越深邃,視野越開(kāi)闊,理論更全面、完美,方法更先進(jìn)、有效,社會(huì)的進(jìn)步才能獲得新的動(dòng)力和保障。
人文主義推翻神學(xué),理性主義旨在糾正人的偏激,啟蒙精神主張打破思想束縛,多元主義反抗絕對(duì)理念。各種新思想層出不窮,帶來(lái)了學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)步,啟發(fā)并推動(dòng)了更大的社會(huì)變革。這些原創(chuàng)思想在歷史長(zhǎng)河中經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間考驗(yàn),成為經(jīng)典,在任何一種文明中都是社會(huì)進(jìn)步和發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。
當(dāng)我們研讀完一部學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典,分析和歸納其原創(chuàng)的思想觀點(diǎn)時(shí),可以很清晰地理解和感悟它在同時(shí)代的環(huán)境里對(duì)于社會(huì)的變革和進(jìn)步有著何種意義,以及它對(duì)當(dāng)下有哪些啟迪。
相比技術(shù)的發(fā)展,思想并不浮顯在社會(huì)的表層,它呈現(xiàn)在書(shū)本的字里行間,滲透于人的心智,在人的靈魂中閃光。每當(dāng)社會(huì)需要時(shí),它能讓我們看到無(wú)形的巨大力量。
溫故而知新。今日世界紛亂依舊,但時(shí)代已不再朦朧。人類思想史上的各種主張,在實(shí)踐中都已呈現(xiàn)清晰的面貌。當(dāng)我們重新梳理各種思想和理論時(shí),自然不會(huì)再返回到“全盤(pán)接受”或者“全盤(pán)否定”的幼稚階段。二十一世紀(jì)人類正確的世界觀、人生觀、價(jià)值觀需要優(yōu)秀思想傳統(tǒng)的支撐,并通過(guò)批判繼承,不斷推陳出新,滋衍出磅礴之推力。
我們所選的這些學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典,成書(shū)于不同的時(shí)代,代表了不同的思想與理論主張。有些著作帶有時(shí)代烙印,有其局限性或片面性;有些觀點(diǎn)不一定正確,但從另一個(gè)方面顯示出人類思想的豐富性和復(fù)雜性。各門(mén)學(xué)科建立、各種主張?zhí)岢鲋螅荚?jīng)在歷代思想的實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)上經(jīng)受碰撞和檢驗(yàn),被接受或者被批判。我們的學(xué)者需要研讀這些書(shū),而青年學(xué)生們的思想成長(zhǎng)更需要讀這些書(shū)。當(dāng)然,批評(píng)與分析是最有效和最有益的閱讀方法。
有鑒于此,我們希望“世界學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)典(英文版)”能夠真正做到“開(kāi)卷有益”,使我們自己在潛移默化中都成長(zhǎng)為有思想、有理想、有品位的人。
上海時(shí)代教育出版研究中心
2018 年10 月